A Case Control Study on Risk Factors and Drug Prescription Patterns in Glaucoma at a Tertiary Eye Care Center in a City of Western India

Introduction: Glaucoma is an idiopathic, progressive optic disc neuropathy complicating into irreversible blindness if untreated. Early diagnosis by screening cases from high-risk populations has a pivotal role in managing this major public health problem with high treatment expenditures. Objectives: To identify the various ocular and non ocular risk factors of glaucoma and to identify the drug prescription pattern among glaucoma patients. Method: This was an observational, case-control study including 165 adult Glaucoma patients on treatment as cases and 165 age and sex-matched healthy individuals as controls, all of which were randomly selected from the patients visiting a tertiary eye care center. Various risk factors, drug prescription pattern and symptoms of the patients were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 165 adult Glaucoma patients and age and gender matched 165 controls were enrolled. Majority of the patients (41.21%) complained of blurring of vision at the time of study. The Odds ratios for Family history, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Migraine, Sleep apnea and Smoking showed strong association as risk factors for Glaucoma and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (p value < 0.05). The mean number of drugs per prescription ± SD was 1.88 ± 0.79. Fixed drug formulations were prescribed in 42.4% patients. All the drugs were prescribed by their brand names and majority of them were in the form of eye drops. Conclusion: Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) was the most common subtype in the study. Age, Family history, Myopia, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Sleep Apnea, Migraine, Corticosteroid usage and Smoking emerged as putative risk factors. In consistence with present guidelines, Prostaglandin analogs were the most prescribed antiglaucoma drugs. The considerable proportion of asymptomatic cases (23%) suggests the need for periodic eye examinations to detect glaucomatous changes at an early stage.

Drug prescribing pattern in obstructive airway disorders in a tertiary care hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional and observational study

Background: The term obstructive airway disorder comprises of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD). Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of airways while COPD is disease of alveoli. Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and nocturnal cough while patients of COPD present with chronic progressive breathlessness and wheezing. International guidelines are established for the management of obstructive airway disorders. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate drug prescribing pattern in bronchial asthma and COPD patients at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: After obtaining permission from hospital authority and permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee, 54 admitted patients� prescription were screened between period of June 2021 to December 2021. Informed consent taken from the patients and were interviewed for collection of basic data such as name, age, and occupation. The purpose of the observational study was to see whether there is adherence to current practice guidelines of obstructive airway disorders. Data were compiled and tabulated using excel sheet and were presented using percentages and frequencies with necessary graphs and charts. Results: Short acting ?2 agonist (91%) and corticosteroids (59%) were the most prescribed agents in bronchial asthma while corticosteroids (75%) and short acting antimuscarinic agents (78.57%) were most common prescription in COPD patients. The most common antibiotic used for in obstructive airway disease was beta lactam antibiotic-cefotaxime. Conclusion: In obstructive airway disorders, inhalation route was most preferred route as compared to oral, intramuscular, or intravenous route. The preferred antibiotic was cefotaxime.

Análise da utilização de inibidores de bomba de prótons em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário do interior de São Paulo / Analysis of the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients admitted to a university hospital in interior of São Paulo

Introdução: A crença de que o uso de Inibidores de Bomba de Prótons (IBPs) apresenta baixo risco de toxicidade, resultou em um aumento significativo na sua prescrição em nível mundial, esse fator juntamente com a baixa divulgação de orientações, têm contribuído para o aumento das indicações desnecessárias de inibidores de bomba de prótons em nível hospitalar, principalmente para profilaxia. Objetivo: Analisar a utilização dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em pacientes internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica de um Hospital Universitário, visando avaliar suas indicações, tempo de uso, efeitos adversos e impacto financeiro gerado pelo uso inadequado. Métodos: Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes que estiveram internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica do Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté (HMUT) durante os meses de maio a julho de 2020. As indicações adequadas do uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais do American Journal of Gastroenterology e do American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Resultados: Identificamos que 297 pacientes (79,6%) usaram inibidores de bomba de prótons em algum momento da internação. O uso desse medicamento foi adequadamente prescrito em 49,8% dos casos. Foi encontrado maior prevalência de pneumonia e diarreia nos pacientes que fizeram uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons a longo prazo. O custo anual associado as prescrições indevidas foram de R$24.736,40. Conclusão: Observamos alta prevalência de indicações incorretas dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em ambiente hospitalar, ocasionando gasto desnecessário e possíveis complicações. Faz-se necessário, portanto, elaboração de novos protocolos e maior rigidez nas indicações desses medicamentos no Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté.

Introduction: The belief that the use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) presents a low risk of toxicity, resulted in a significant increase in its prescription worldwide, this factor combined with the low disclosure of guidelines, have contributed to the increase in unnecessary indications of at the hospital level, especially for prophylaxis. Objective: To analyze the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients hospitalized in the medical clinic wards of a University Hospital, in order to evaluate their indications, time of use, adverse effects and financial impact generated by inadequate use. Methods: Medical records of patients who were admitted at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté during the months of May to July 2020 were analyzed. The appropriate indications for the use of proton pump inhibitors were based on the international guidelines of the American Journal of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Results: We identified that 297 patients (79.6%) used proton pump inhibitors at some point in hospitalization. The use of this drug was adequately prescribed in 49.8% of the cases. A higher prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhea was found in patients who used proton pump inhibitors in the long term. The annual cost associated with undue prescriptions was R$24,736.40. Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of incorrect indications of proton pump inhibitors s in the hospital environment, causing unnecessary expenses and possible complications. It is necessary, therefore, the elaboration of new protocols and greater rigidity in the indications of these drugs at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté.

Trends of vasopressor use in intensive care units in Colombia / Tendencias de consumo de vasopresores en unidades de cuidados intensivos de Colombia

Abstract Introduction Vasopressors are essential in the management of various types of shock. Objective To establish the trend of vasopressors use in the intensive care units (ICU) in a population of patients affiliated with the Colombian Health System, 2010-2017. Methods Observational trial using a population database of patients hospitalized in eleven ICUs in various cities in Colombia. The drugs dispensed to hospitalized patients over 18 years old, from January 2010 until December 2017 were considered. A review and analysis of the vasopressors dispensed per month was conducted, taking into account sociodemographic and pharmacological variables (vasopressor used and daily doses defined per 100/beds/day (DBD). Results 81,348 dispensations of vasopressors, equivalent to 26,414 treatments in 19,186 patients receiving care in 11 hospitals from 7 cities were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 66.3±18.1 years and 52.6 % were males. Of the total number of treatments recorded, 17,658 (66.8 %) were with just one vasopressor. Norepinephrine was the most frequently prescribed drug (75.9 % of the prescriptions dispensed; 60.5 DBD), followed by adrenaline (26.6 %; 41.6 DBD), dopamine (19.4%), dobutamine (16.0 %), vasopressin (8.5 %) and phenylephrine (0.9 %). The use of norepinephrine increased from 2010 to 2017 (+6.19 DBD), whilst the use of other drugs decreased, particularly the use of adrenaline (-60.6 DBD) and dopamine (-10.8 DBD). Conclusions Norepinephrine is the most widely used vasopressor showing a growing trend in terms of its use during the study period, which is supported by evidence in favor of its effectiveness and safety in patients with shock.

Resumen Introducción Los fármacos vasopresores son fundamentales en el manejo de los diferentes tipos de choque. Objetivo Determinar la tendencia de utilización de fármacos vasopresores en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) en una población de pacientes afiliados al Sistema de Salud de Colombia, 2010-2017. Métodos Estudio observacional, a partir de una base de datos poblacional con pacientes hospitalizados en once UCI de diferentes ciudades de Colombia. Se obtuvieron las dispensaciones de pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2017. Se hizo revisión y análisis de la dispensación mensual de vasopresores. Se consideraron variables sociodemográficas y farmacológicas (medicamento vasopresor usado y dosis diarias definidas por 100 camas/día [DCD]). Resultados Se revisaron 81.348 dispensaciones de vasopresores, equivalentes a 26.414 terapias en 19.186 pacientes atendidos en 11 hospitales de 7 ciudades, cuya edad promedio fue 66,3±18,1 años y el 52,6 % eran hombres. Del total de terapias registradas, 17.658 (66,8 %) fueron con un solo vasopresor. La norepinefrina fue el más comúnmente prescrito (75,9 % de las dispensaciones; 60,5 DCD), seguido por adrenalina (26,6 %; 41,6 DCD), dopamina (19,4 %), dobutamina (16,0 %), vasopresina (8,5 %) y fenilefrina (0,9 %). El uso de norepinefrina se incrementó de 2010 a 2017 (+6,19 DCD), mientras que el de otros fármacos disminuyó, especialmente adrenalina (-60,6 DCD) y dopamina (-10,8 DCD). Conclusiones La norepinefrina es el fármaco vasopresor más utilizado y el que ha demostrado una tendencia de uso incremental durante el periodo de estudio, lo cual está respaldado por evidencia a favor de su efectividad y seguridad en pacientes con choque.

Análisis de publicidades sobre medicamentos neurológicos recibidos durante la consulta médica / Analysis of advertising on neurological drugs received during the medical consultation

Resumen La publicidad y promoción de medicamentos por parte de la industria farmacéutica ejerce influencia sobre la prescripción médica y, en algunos casos, la información provista es incompleta o sesgada. El objetivo fue analizar las publicidades entregadas por representantes médicos y determinar si la información era apropiada para la prescripción racional. Es un estudio prospectivo (marzo a noviembre 2018) mediante la recolección de publicidades impresas recibidas aleatoriamente en centros de neurología. Se evaluó si cumplían los criterios éticos establecidos por la OMS, utilizando como referencia prospectos de la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología médica (ANMAT), la Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) y libros de farmacología. Un comité de médicos farmacólogos analizó si el contenido de los folletos era engañoso según la OMS. Se analizaron 60 publicidades, siendo antiepilépticos y antidepresivos los más publicitados. El 33.3% (n = 20) incluían prospectos acordes según ANMAT. Un caso presentaba indicación off-label. Los folletos ex ponían el mecanismo de acción en el 31.7% (n = 19), las reacciones adversas medicamentosas 40% (n = 24), la posología en el 45% (n = 27), las contraindicaciones 38.3% (n = 23) y en 36.7% (n = 22) las precauciones necesarias. La información brindada era falaz en el 80% (n = 48) y el 53.3% (n = 32) tenían imágenes capcio sas. El 69.2% (n = 18) de los gráficos eran capciosos. En el presente trabajo, la información brindada por la publicidad médica sería insuficiente para conocer y prescribir nuevos fármacos. La falta de información en la posología, contraindicaciones, mecanismos de acción y reacciones adversas no contribuyen al uso racional de medicamentos.

Abstract Drug promotion and advertisement by pharmaceutical industry influence medical prescription and, in some cases, the information provided is incomplete or biased. The objective was to analyze the advertisements deliv ered by medical representatives and determine if the information was appropriate for rational prescribing. It is a prospective study (March to November 2018) by collecting print advertisements randomly received in neurology centers. It was evaluated if they met the ethical criteria established by the WHO, using as a reference leaflets from Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), Food and Drugs Ad ministration (FDA) and pharmacology books. A committee of pharmacology physicians analyzed if the content of the pamphlets was misleading according to the WHO. Sixty advertisements were analyzed, being anti-epileptics and antidepressants the most advertised drugs. The 33.3% (n = 20) of them included leaflets in accordance to ANMAT. One case presented an "off-label" indication. Drug action was presented in 31.7% (n = 19) of the pam phlets, adverse reactions in 40% (n = 24), posology in 45% (n = 27), contraindications in 38.3% (n = 23) and the necessary precautions in 36.7% (n = 22) of them. The information provided was false in 80% (n = 48) and 53.3% (n = 32) contained misleading images; and 69.2% (n = 18) of the graphics were false. The information provided by medical advertisements analyzed in this study would be insufficient to know and prescribe a new drug. Lack of information in posology, contraindication, drug action and adverse reactions do not contribute to rational use of medications.

Una estrategia para reducir el error de prescripción de medicamentos en pacientes hospitalizados / A strategy to reduce medication prescription error in hospitalized patients

Resumen Los errores de prescripción representan un relevante problema en salud. Este trabajo se propone analizar el error de prescripción de medicación en pacientes hospitalizados antes y después de una intervención múltiple. Se trata de un estudio cuasi experimental de tipo antes-después no controlado. La intervención consistió en la estandarización del proceso de prescripción y el entrenamiento del personal que prescribe. El porcentaje de error de prescripción antes de la intervención fue del 28.8% (n = 182), es decir 28.8 prescripciones incorrectas cada 100 prescripciones médicas. El dominio más frecuente de error fue: dosis in adecuada 52.2% (n = 95), medicamento incorrecto 33% (n = 60), días de tratamiento inapropiado 4.4%(n = 8) y otros 10.4% (n = 19). Luego de la intervención el error descendió a 4.3% (n = 26): 4.3 prescripciones con error cada 100 efectuadas, siendo el error más frecuente la dosis incorrecta: 76.9% (n = 20), otros 23.1% (n = 6). El daño asociado a medicación inadecuadamente prescripta antes y después fue de 0.95 (n = 6) eventos y 0.33 (n = 2) eventos cada 100 admisiones, respectivamente. La intervención de mejora resultó útil para la reducción del error de prescripción en esta institución y muestra de pacientes.

Abstract Prescription errors represent a relevant health problem. This work aims to analyze the medication prescription error in hospitalized patients before and after a multiple intervention. This is a quasi-experimental study of the uncontrolled before-after type. The intervention consisted of the standardization of the prescription process and the training of the prescribing staff. The percentage of prescription error before the intervention was 28.8% (n = 182), that is, 28.8 incorrect prescriptions per 100 medical prescriptions. The most frequent domain of error was: inappropriate dose 52.2% (n = 95), followed by incorrect medication 33% (n = 60), by days of inappropriate treatment 4.4% (n = 8) and others 10.4% (n = 19 ). After the intervention, the error decreased to 4.3% (n = 26), that is, 4.3 pre scriptions with error every 100 prescriptions, the most frequent error being the incorrect dose: 76.9% (n = 20), another 23.1% (n = 6 ). The harm associated with inadequately prescribed medication before and after was 0.95 (n = 6) events and 0.33 (n = 2) events per 100 admissions respectively. The improvement intervention was useful for reducing the prescription error in this institution and patient sample.

Prescrição de medicamentos off-label e sem licença para prematuros de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Prescription of off-label and unlicensed drugs for preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença em recém-nascidos prematuros hospitalizados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte não concorrente, incluindo prematuros admitidos em três unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, nos anos de 2016 e 2017, acompanhados durante o período neonatal. O uso de medicamentos e o número foram registrados para todo o período e classificados segundo a Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e bivariadas dos dados para avaliar associações entre o número de medicamentos utilizados (total, off-label e sem licença) e as variáveis explicativas de interesse. Resultados: Os 400 neonatos prematuros utilizaram 16.143 medicamentos, com 86 especialidades diferentes; 51,9% desses itens foram classificados como off-label e 23,5% como sem licença. Os mais prescritos foram gentamicina e ampicilina (17,5% e 15,5% dos off-label, respectivamente) e cafeína (75,5% dos não licenciados). O estudo demonstrou associações significativas do uso de medicamentos off-label com a menor idade gestacional, baixo peso ao nascer, menor escore de Apgar no quinto minuto, manobra de reanimação avançada em sala de parto e óbito. Com os medicamentos não licenciados, foram verificadas associações com a menor idade gestacional, baixo peso ao nascer e escore de Apgar no quinto minuto menor que 7. Conclusão: Os neonatos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais são muito expostos ao uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença. Tornam-se necessários mais investimentos em estudos para alcançar maior segurança e qualidade da terapêutica medicamentosa empregada em neonatologia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the use of off-label and unlicensed medications in preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: This nonconcurrent cohort study included preterm infants admitted to 3 neonatal intensive care units in 2016 and 2017 who were followed up during the neonatal period. The type and number of medications used were recorded for the entire period and classified based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical. Descriptive and bivariate data analyses were performed to assess associations between the number of drugs used (total, off-label and unlicensed) and the explanatory variables of interest. Results: Four hundred preterm infants received 16,143 prescriptions for 86 different pharmaceuticals; 51.9% of these medications were classified as off-label and 23.5% as unlicensed. The most prescribed drugs were gentamicin and ampicillin (17.5% and 15.5% among off-label, respectively) and caffeine (75.5% among unlicensed). The results indicated significant associations between the use of off-label drugs and lower gestational age, low birth weight, lower 5-minute Apgar score, advanced resuscitation maneuver in the delivery room and death. The prescription of unlicensed drugs was associated with lower gestational age, low birth weight and 5-minute Apgar score below 7. Conclusion: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units are highly exposed to off-label and unlicensed medications. Further studies are needed to achieve greater safety and quality of drug therapy used in neonatology.

Factores asociados con la automedicación no responsable en el Perú / Factors associated with non-responsible self-medication in Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La automedicación no responsable conduce a una baja efectividad e inseguridad en los tratamientos, daños a la salud e insatisfacción del paciente. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la automedicación no responsable en la población peruana. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal basado en el análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud 2016 realizada en Perú. Incluyó 3849 usuarios de establecimientos farmacéuticos. Se calcularon: chi-cuadrado con valor p, odds ratio crudo (ORc) y odds ratio ajustado (ORa) con su intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: El riesgo de automedicación no responsable fue muy alto cuando el dispensador del medicamento no solicitó la receta del usuario (ORa = 29,057). Además, acudir al establecimiento farmacéutico para pedir consejo (ORa= 1,884), el consumo eventual del medicamento comprado (ORa= 1,925), menos de cinco minutos de demora en la compra del medicamento (ORa= 1,587) y ser hombre (ORa= 1,321) también fueron factores de riesgo. La proximidad del establecimiento farmacéutico a los establecimientos de salud del primer y segundo nivel de atención también actuó como un factor de riesgo (ORa= 1,340 y 1,652, respectivamente). Conclusión: La falta de solicitud de prescripción en el establecimiento farmacéutico fue el principal factor de riesgo para la automedicación no responsable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Non-responsible self-medication leads to low effectiveness and insecurity in treatments, damage of health and patient dissatisfaction. Objective: To identify factors associated with non-responsible self-medication in the Peruvian population. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary analysis of the National Survey of Users Satisfaction in Health performed in Peru in 2016. It included 3849 users of pharmaceutical establishments. Chi-square statistic with p-value, crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Results: When the dispenser of the medicine did not request the prescription from the user, the risk of non-responsible self-medication was very high (aOR=29.057). Additionally, going to the pharmaceutical establishment to ask for advice (aOR=1.884), eventual consumption of the purchased medicine (aOR=1.925), less than five minutes delay in purchasing medicine (aOR=1.587) and being male (aOR=1.321) were also risk factors. The proximity of the pharmaceutical store to health services from the first and second level of health care also acted as a risk factor (cOR=1.340 and 1.652, respectively). Conclusion: The lack of request for prescription in the pharmaceutical establishment was the main risk factor for non-responsible self-medication.

Enfermagem e o tratamento medicamentoso da sífilis sob a ótica da Teoria Sócio-Humanista / Nursing and drug treatment of syphilis from the perspective of Socio-Humanist Theory / Enfermería y tratamiento farmacológico de la sífilis según la perspectiva de la teoría socio-humanista

Objetivo: analisar o papel da enfermagem acerca da farmacoterapia da sífilis no âmbito da atenção primária em saúde. Método: investigação de abordagem qualitativa, com nove enfermeiros da atenção primária de município da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, realizada no período de agosto de 2018 a julho de 2019, por meio de entrevistas. A análise de dados apoiou-se na Teoria de Enfermagem Sócio-Humanista. Resultado: o papel da enfermagem esteve circunscrito à consulta de enfermagem, mediantes ações de acolhimento, escuta, detecção da sífilis, prescrição e administração de medicamento e práticas educativas. O aporte institucional caracterizou-se pela elaboração de protocolo sobre prescrição de medicamentos pelo enfermeiro e construção de fluxo de atenção ao usuário com sífilis. Conclusão: a enfermagem atua com autonomia na farmacoterapia da sífilis pautada em suas experiências e conhecimentos, aporte institucional, trabalho em equipe, procurando atender às necessidades de saúde do usuário.

Objective: to examine nursing's role in syphilis drug therapy in the primary health care context. Method: this qualitative study of nine primary care nurses in a municipality in Brazil's Midwest Region was conducted, by interview, from August 2018 to July 2019. Data analysis was based on the Social-Humanist Nursing Theory. Result: nursing's role was limited to nursing appointments, and took the form of welcoming reception, listening, syphilis detection, medication prescription and administration, and educational activities. The institutional contribution was characterized by preparation of a protocol on medication prescription by nurses and construction of the care flow for users with syphilis. Conclusion: nursing operates autonomously in syphilis drug therapy, seeking to meet user health needs based on its experience and knowledge, institutional support, and teamwork.

Objetivo: examinar el papel de la enfermería en la terapia con medicamentos para la sífilis en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Método: este estudio cualitativo de nueve enfermeras de atención primaria en un municipio de la Región Medio Oeste de Brasil se realizó, por entrevista, de agosto de 2018 a julio de 2019. El análisis de datos se basó en la Teoría de Enfermería Social-Humanista. Resultado: la función de la enfermería se limitó a las citas de enfermería y se concretó en la recepción de bienvenida, la escucha, la detección de la sífilis, la prescripción y administración de medicamentos y actividades educativas. El aporte institucional se caracterizó por la elaboración de un protocolo de prescripción de medicamentos por enfermeras y la construcción del flujo de atención a usuarios con sífilis. Conclusión: la enfermería opera de manera autónoma en la terapia con medicamentos para la sífilis, buscando satisfacer las necesidades de salud de los usuarios a partir de su experiencia y conocimiento, apoyo institucional y trabajo en equipo.

Evaluation of Antihypertensive Drug Prescription Patterns, Rationality, and Adherence to Joint National Committee-8 Hypertension Treatment Guidelines among Patients Attending Medicine OPD in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of hypertension isattributed to population growth, ageing and behavioural riskfactors, such as unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, lackof physical activity, excess weight and exposure to persistentstress. The present study was conducted to study on variousfacets of antihypertensive drugs prescribing at present scenarioat Dr B.C. Roy Hospital, Haldia, and with objectives of studyingprescribing patterns and rationality of antihypertensive drugsin essential hypertension with or without specific co-morbidconditions and to check compliance of treatment as per JNC-8hypertension treatment guidelines in the outpatients attendingthe Department of Medicine.Material and Methods: Data regarding anti-HTN monotherapy and combination therapy was recorded. Evaluation forrational drug therapy by evaluating average number of drugsper prescription, fixed dose combination (FDC) prescriptionrate, prescription laying down importance of lifestylemanagement, prescription with defined anti-HTN goals,prescriptions with correct dose strength and dosage schedulewas evaluated.Results: Out of 100 hypertensive patients under evaluation 67was males (67%) with a M:F ratio of 2.03:1. Mean SBP wasslightly higher in male patients. Hypertension was classifiedaccording to JNC-8 guidelines and found 22 (22%) (Prehypertension/pre-HTN), 57 (57%) (Stage 1 hypertension),and 13% (stage 2 hypertension) cases. Dyslipidemia wasnoted much more common associated disorders among newlydiagnosed hypertensive of either sex.Conclusion: Diuretics (8%) were most widely prescribeddrugs followed by ARBs (6%), ACE Inhibitors (5%) andcalcium channel blockers (4%) as monotherapy. Adherence ofJNC 8 guidelines among all study hypertensive participantswhile prescribing medications varied between 62% to 92%,with an average of 75%. None of the prescriptions mentionedban drug formulation(s). Still 15% of the prescriptionshad suggested combined drugs with debated rationalityformulations.

Estudo da utilização de metilfenidato em uma unidade básica de saúde / Study of use of methylphenidate in a basic healthcare unit

Introdução: Considerando o elevado consumo de metilfenidato, fármaco psicoestimulante empregado no tratamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade, verifica-se a necessidade de monitoramento da sua utilização. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a utilização de metilfenidato em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brasil. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório. Foram analisadas as notificações de receita de metilfenidato de 99 pacientes no período de janeiro a setembro de 2017. A coleta dos dados demográficos, clínicos e farmacológicos, foi realizada através do sistema informatizado do Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica da farmácia da unidade. Resultados: A idade dos usuários de metilenidato variou de cinco a 44 anos de idade. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (78%). A maioria das notificações era do setor privado (59%). Identificou-se prescrição por seis diferentes especialidades médicas, sendo que a maior parte foi prescrita pela neurologia (58%), seguida pela neurologia pediátrica (23%). Quanto à dosagem do metilfenidato, a concentração diária mais frequente foi de 20 mg em 49% das notificações. A maior dosagem prescrita foi de 60 mg para um paciente adulto. A maior parte dos pacientes em uso de metilfenidato eram crianças entre cinco e 12 anos de idade (64%), e destes, 66% eram do sexo masculino. Conclusão: Verifica-se predomínio da prescrição do metilfenidato para crianças do sexo masculino. As dosagens variam entre 10 e 60 mg. A maior parte das prescrições foi emitida por neurologistas e psiquiatras de estabelecimentos privados, entretanto, identificou-se a prescrição por profissionais não especializados em saúde mental.

Introduction: The methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity with high consumption, and its monitoring is necessary. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the use of methylphenidate in a Basic Healthcare Unit in São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil. Patients and Methods: This is an exploratory and descriptive study. Methylphenidate prescriptions were analyzed related to 99 patients during the period from January to September 2017. The demographic, clinical and pharmacological data were collected using the computerized system of the drug product dispensing department of the healthcare unit. Results: Age ranged from five to 44 years of age. There was a predominance of males (78%). The majority of notifications were from the private sector (59%). It was identified the prescription from six different medical specialties, and the most of it was prescribed by neurology (58%), followed by pediatric neurology (23%). As for the dosage of methylphenidate, the most frequent daily concentration found in the prescriptions was 20 mg (49% of prescriptions). The highest dosage prescribed was 60 mg for an adult patient. The most part of patients using methylphenidate were children between five and 12 years of age (64%), which 66% were male. Conclusion: There is a predominance of prescription of methylphenidate for male children. The dosages vary between 10 and 60 mg. The majority of the prescriptions were issued by neurologists and psychiatrists of private establishments. Furthermore, it was identified the prescription by professionals who are not specialized in mental health.

Análise da confiabilidade de fórmulas para o cálculo de dose de antibacterianos em odontopediatria / Analysis of the reliability of formulas for calculating antibacterial doses in pediatric dentistry

Objetivo: avaliar a confiabilidade de fórmulas para o cálculo da dose dos principais antibacterianos em crianças de diferentes idades e pesos, tendo como padrão-ouro as dosagens fornecidas em bulas. Sujeitos e método: 45 crianças, com idades de 3, 6 e 9 anos, constituíram três grupos independentes. Os dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio da análise de prontuários da Clínica de Odontologia Infantil da Faculdade Integrada de Pernambuco. As dosagens foram calculadas através das fórmulas estabelecidas a partir de parâmetros de peso, idade e superfície corporal. Os antibacterianos selecionados para a análise foram: Amoxicilina, Amoxicilina com clavulonato de potássio, Clindamicina, Claritromicina, Eritromicina e Azitromicina. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste paramétrico de análise de variância. Para verificar se houve diferença entre as dosagens estabelecidas por fórmulas e a dose estabelecida pela bula (padrão-ouro), foi aplicado o teste post-hoc de Tukey. Os testes estatísticos foram realizados com uma margem de erro de 5%. Resultados: nenhuma fórmula foi válida para todos os antibacterianos quando se comparou com a dose padrão estabelecida em bula. Os resultados apresentaram maiores variabilidades no grupo de crianças com menor idade, podendo ser considerado um risco clínico. Conclusão: as dosagens pediátricas dos antibacterianos obtidas por meio de fórmulas não são confiáveis para os grupos etários analisados e, portanto, não devem ser utilizadas para fins de prescrição medicamentosa. (AU)

Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluated the reliability of formulas for calculating the dose of the main antibacterials in children of different ages and weight, and the gold standard were the dosages provided in package inserts. Subjects and method: Forty-five children aged 3, 6, and 9 years constituted three independent groups. The anthropometric data were obtained through the analysis of medical records of the Child Dentistry Clinic of Faculdade Integrada de Pernambuco, Brazil. The dosages were calculated using the formulas established from parameters of weight, age, and body surface. The antibacterials selected for this analysis were amoxicillin, amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate, clindamycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin. The data were subjected to parametric analysis of variance. In order to verify whether there was a difference between the dosages established in the formulas and the dose established in the package insert (gold standard), Tukey's post-hoc test was applied. The statistical tests were performed with a 5% margin of error. Results: No formula was valid for all antibacterials when compared to the standard dose established in package inserts. The results showed greater variability in the group of younger children, which may be considered a clinical risk. Conclusion: The pediatric dosages of antibacterials obtained in formulas are not reliable for the age groups analyzed and therefore should not be used for drug prescription purposes. (AU)

A Study On Awareness Regarding Prescribed Drugs Of Patients Attending Outpatient Departments In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Delhi

Background: The treatment outcomes of patients attending Outpatient Departments (OPD) in hospitals are largely dependent upon the awareness of patients about the prescribed drugs. This awareness about treating drugs further affects their compliance which is guided by the communication between the doctor and patient. Objectives: To know the proportion of prescription slips that was complete. To study the level of awareness of patients attending OPDs regarding prescribed drugs. Methods: It is a cross sectional study involving 200 patients attending OPDs in a tertiary care hospital. Adult patients leaving the outpatient departments (OPDs), who could understand local language, were selected randomly and their prescription slips were screened for completeness. Further, their awareness was assessed with the help of a semi–structured and pre–tested questionnaire. Results: It was observed that of the two hundred prescription slips, one seventy three (86.5%) did not have complete instructions listed in them. However, one eighty seven patients (93.5%) had knowledge about their disease, one ninety one (95.5%) knew how to take the medicine (dose and timing), one eighty eight (94%) knew about the common side effects and one eighty five (92.5%) knew when they have to visit the doctor next. One ninety six (98%) said they knew that they should keep the medicines out of reach of children and the same number of respondents said they check expiry date before consuming the medicines Conclusions: The study reveals that the patients are being communicated the relevant information, but documentation is insufficient and should be improved.

Prescription pattern of antiepileptic drugs in indoor patients at tertiary care hospital in Haryana, India

Background: Epilepsy is a challenging medical problem in India with an annual incidence of 27.27 per 100,000 population and prevalence of 572.8 per 100,000. People with epilepsy require prolonged treatment and monitoring. The main goal in the treatment of epilepsy should be adequate control of seizures, without causing any life-threatening reactions due to the medications. This study was done to get an insight into the prescription pattern of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in different types of epilepsy.Methods: A prospective study was carried out for six months (Feb to June 2016) in admitted patients in super speciality ward (Lala Shyam Lal) in neurology department of PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana. The prescription data of 100 patients of seizures was analysed.Results: Idiopathic generalised epilepsy was commonest type of epilepsy (42%) and sodium valproate was the commonest drug prescribed for its treatment (66.66%) followed by phenytoin (23.33%) Symptomatic epilepsy was second commonest seizure (30%) and phenytoin (60%) was the commonest drug prescribed for it followed by sodium valproate (30%). Common adverse effects associated with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were nausea, drowsiness, weight gain, diplopia and ataxia.Conclusions: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy was the commonest type of epilepsy recorded and sodium valproate was the commonest prescribed drug.

Principales características de la prescripción de fármacos en ancianos del Policlínico "José Martí Pérez" / Main characteristics of drugs prescription in elderly from José Martí Pérez Polyclinic

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 532 pacientes dispensarizados como adultos mayores frágiles, pertenecientes a 24 consultorios médicos de la familia del Policlínico Docente José Martí Pérez del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, desde el 2014 hasta el 2015, con vistas a describir aspectos relacionados con la prescripción de medicamentos en estos ancianos. En la serie existió la polifarmacia con predominio de las féminas y la asociación de más de 2 enfermedades concomitantes favoreció su aparición. Resultó insuficiente la evaluación en consultas de geriatría para garantizar la valoración integral de los afectados. Se emplearon mayor cantidad de fármacos para afecciones del sistema osteomioarticular, seguidos de agentes con actividad cardiovascular, en tanto, prevalecieron la prescripción por más de un facultativo al mismo paciente y el poco uso de estudios tanto renales como hepáticos para evaluar y/o prevenir reacciones adversas a medicamentos, así como sus interacciones perjudiciales

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of 532 patients classified as frail elderly, belonging to 24 family doctor's offices of José Martí Pérez Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from 2014 to 2015, aimed at describing aspects related to drug prescription in these elderly. In the series, polypharmacy existed with prevalence of women and the association of more than 2 concomitant diseases favoured its emergence. The evaluation in geriatrics services was insufficient to guarantee the comprehensive valuation of the affected patients. A higher quantity of drugs for the osteomioarticular system disorders was used, followed by agents with cardiovascular activity, while, there was a prevalence of the prescription of more than a doctor to the same patient and the little use of either renal or hepatic studies to evaluate and/or prevent adverse reactions to medications, as well as their harmful interactions

Avaliação do preenchimento de receituários B1 retidos na Vigilância Sanitária de Criciúma/SC no último trimestre do ano 2013 / Evaluation of B1 prescription filling controlled by the Sanitary Surveillance OF Criciuma in the last quarter of the 2013 year

Introdução: A utilização de medicações psicotrópicas tornou-se frequente nas sociedades atuais e erros quanto à prescrição e dispensação dessas substâncias podem acarretar sérias consequências. Objetivos: Avaliar a adequação do preenchimento de receituários B1 regularizados através da Portaria nº 344/98 da Anvisa. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por receituários oriundos do órgão regulador de Criciúma/ transversal SC referentes à população do município e região que fizeram uso de medicação controlada (B1), cujas medicações foram dispensadas por farmácias privadas no período de Outubro a Dezembro de 2013. Resultados: A medicação mais prescrita foi o Clonazepam, presente em 140 (49,3%) das notificações, seguido do Bromazepam em 48 (16,9%). A maioria dos receituários foi emitida por médicos sem especialidade registrada, totalizando 126 (44,4%) e os Psiquiatras foram os prescritores em apenas 47(16,5%). Em 277 (97,5%) das prescrições a quantidade de medicação dispensada estava dentro da quantidade permitida, e a quantidade dispensada por extenso, ocorreu em apenas 29 (10,2%). O preenchimento de todos os campos foi observado em 251(88,4%), a presença de rasuras ocorreu em 7(2,5%) dos receituários e em 146 (51,4%) constava alguma forma de preenchimento incorreto. A legibilidade dos receituários apresentou uma excelente concordância com índice kappa de 0,756 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Os dados demonstram que há grande quantidade e variedade de erros nas prescrições, alguns deles sendo mais prevalentes. Este fato torna-se preocupante devido a possibilidade de falsificação das receitas e de ocorrerem mais erros de medicação e efeitos indesejados. Isto nos mostra a necessidade de maior orientação e atualização dos profissionais envolvidos na dispensação dos medicamentos e daqueles que fiscalizam este processo.

Background: The use of psychotropic medications has become usual in modern society and the errors in the prescription and dispensing of these substances can result in serious consequences. Objectives: Evaluation of the prescription filling of B1 prescriptions regularized by Anvisa Ordinance nº 344/98. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted. The population consisted of prescriptions coming from the organ regulator of Criciuma/ cross referencing the city and regional population that used controlled medication (B1), whose medications were dispensed by private pharmacies in the last quarter of the 2013 year. Results: The most prescribed medication was Clonazepam, present in 140 (49,3%) of those prescribing, followed by Bromazepam in 48 (16,9%). The majority of prescriptions were issued by doctors without a registered specialty, totaling 126 (44,4%), with psychiatrists only prescribing 47 (16,5%). In 277 (97,5%) prescriptions, the dispensed quantity of medication was within the allowed amount, and the dispensed quantity written in word form occurred only in 29 (10,2%). The filling of all fields was observed in 251 (88,4%), with illegibility present in 7 (2,5%) of prescriptions, and in 146 (51,4%) incorrect filling somehow occurred. The prescription legibility presented an excellent concordance with Kappa index 0,756 (p<0,001). Conclusion: The data illustrates prescription errors large in quantity and variety, with some showing greater prevalence. This fact becomes worrying due to the possibility of falsified prescriptions and the occurrence of medication errors and unwanted effects. These facts bring attention to the need of greater guidance and constant update of professionals involved in the dispensation of medicines and those who supervise this process.

Efecto cascada en el anciano como consecuencia de la polifarmacia / Cascade effect in the elderly as a consequence of polypharmacy

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 52 senescentes con efecto cascada resultante de polimedicación, quienes formaban parte de un total de 305 con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, pertenecientes todos al Policlínico Universitario José Martí Pérez del municipio de Santiago de Cuba. En la investigación, desarrollada durante el bienio 2014-2015, se constató el mencionado efecto a partir de las reacciones adversas referidas por los pacientes y los síntomas predominantes que justificaron la indicación de los fármacos. El efecto cascada predominó en los ancianos con más de 3 afecciones diagnosticadas, aunque también se presentó en aquellos que padecían solo 1 o 2. En todos los casos identificados hubo más de un prescriptor para el seguimiento de los afectados

A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 52 elderly with cascade effect resulting from polymedication was carried out, who were part of a total of 305 elderly with non communicable chronic diseases, belonging to José Martí Pérez University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba. In the investigation, developed during 2014-2015 biennium, the mentioned effect was verified starting from the adverse reactions referred by the patients and the predominant symptoms that justified the drug prescription. The cascade effect prevailed in the elderly with more than 3 diagnosed disorders, although it was also presented in those that suffered from just 1 or 2. In all the identified cases there was more than one prescriptor for the follow up of the affected patients

Compliance with the Prescription of Antihypertensive Medications and Blood Pressure Control in Primary Care / Conformidade da Prescrição Anti-Hipertensiva e Controle da Pressão Arterial na Atenção Básica

Abstract Background: Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and its proper control can prevent the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Objective: To assess the degree of compliance of antihypertensive prescriptions with the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension and the blood pressure control rate in primary care. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted between August 2011 and November 2012, including 332 adults ≥ 45 years registered in the Family Doctor Program in Niteroi and selected randomly. The analysis included the prescribed antihypertensive classes, doses, and frequencies, as well as the blood pressure (BP) of the individuals. Results: The rate of prescription compliance was 80%. Diuretics were the most prescribed medications, and dual therapy was the most used treatment. The most common non-compliances were underdosing and underfrequencies. The BP goal in all cases was < 140/90 mmHg, except for diabetic patients, in whom the goal was set at < 130/80 mmHg. Control rates according to these goals were 44.9% and 38.6%, respectively. There was no correlation between prescription compliance and BP control. Conclusions: The degree of compliance was considered satisfactory. The achievement of the targets was consistent with national and international studies, suggesting that the family health model is effective in BP management, although it still needs improvement.

Resumo Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial é o fator de risco mais prevalente para a doença cardiovascular e seu controle adequado pode prevenir a elevada morbi-mortalidade associada a esta doença. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de conformidade das prescrições de anti-hipertensivos com as VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão e a taxa de controle pressórico na atenção básica. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido entre agosto de 2011 e novembro de 2012, incluindo 332 adultos ≥ 45 anos cadastrados no Programa Médico de Família de Niterói e selecionados aleatoriamente. Foram analisadas as classes de anti-hipertensivos prescritos, suas doses e frequências, bem como a pressão arterial (PA) dos indivíduos. Resultados: A taxa de conformidade das prescrições foi de 80%. Diuréticos foram as medicações mais prescritas e a terapia dupla foi o tratamento mais utilizado. As não conformidades mais comuns foram subdoses e subfrequências. A meta de PA para todos os casos foi < 140/90 mmHg, exceto para diabéticos, que foi < 130/80 mmHg. As taxas de controle de acordo com essas metas foram de 44,9% e 38,6%, respectivamente. Não houve correlação entre conformidade da prescrição e controle pressórico. Conclusões: O grau de conformidade foi considerado satisfatório. O alcance das metas foi compatível com estudos nacionais e internacionais, sugerindo que o modelo de saúde da família é efetivo no manejo da PA, embora ainda necessite aprimoramento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Prescription practice of antihistamines for acute upper respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients in a local emergency department in Hong Kong / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Currently there is very limited data in the literature assessing the prevalence of antihistamine prescription, and there is no local prevalence data about the prescription of antihistamine agents among primary practitioner and emergency physicians. The objectives are 1) to report the prevalence of antihistamine prescription for children less than 6 years old with acute upper respiratory infection and 2) to explore the associated factors for the prescription practice. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All consecutive cases of paediatric patients aged 6 or below who presented to the emergency department during a study period of one week from April 1 to July 4, 2009 with diagnosis of acute upper respiratory infection were included. Totally 162 patients were included. RESULTS: Among the 162 cases, 141 (87%) patients were prescribed one antihistamine of any group. Sixty (37%) patients were prescribed two or more antihistamines. In multivariate logistic regression model, age was found to be significantly (P<0.001) associated with multiple antihistamine prescription (OR=1.042, 95%CI=1.02 to 1.06). Years of graduation of attending physician for more than 5 years was also a strong predictor of multiple antihistamine prescription (OR=4.654, 95%CI=2.20 to 9.84, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In the local emergency department, patients' age and the years of graduation from medical school of the attending physician were predictors of multiple antihistamine prescription for acute upper respiratory infections for children aged less than 6.

Uso racional de antimicrobianos em Odontologia: percepção e conhecimento dos cirurgiões dentistas de Teresina / Rational use of antimicrobials in dentistry: perception and knowledge of Teresina dentists

Introdução: os cirurgiões-dentistas frequentemente empregam antimicrobianos em sua prática clínica a fim de controlar infecções bucais. O emprego indiscriminado de antimicrobianos tem desencadeado resistências bacterianas. Objetivo: determinar o perfil dos cirurgiões-dentistas de Teresina em relação à percepção e conhecimento sobre resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos e o uso racional destes medicamentos em sua prática clínica. Material e métodos: questionários semiestruturados aplicados aos profissionais com atuação na cidade de Teresina. Os profissionais a participarem foram selecionados aleatoriamente através de uma lista disponibilizada pelo Conselho Regional de Odontologia do Piauí. Foram obtidos 90 questionários totalmente respondidos, que constituiu a amostra final. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes (78,9%) nunca procurou realizar curso de atualização em microbiologia e/ou farmacologia, e relatam que buscam atualizar seus conhecimentos através, principalmente, de artigos científicos (51,1%) e congressos (37,7%). Quanto à percepção dos processos que podem desencadear em resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos, 74,2% dos participantes consideram que a sua prática clínica pode ocasionar processos adversos e 94,4% consideram que o emprego de posologia correta é o principal meio de prevenir tais processos. Quanto às situações que mais prescreviam antimicrobianos, os cirurgiões-dentistas citaram processos inflamatórios com envolvimento sistêmico (77,7%), procedimentos invasivos em pacientes portadores de válvula cardíaca (74,4%), abscessos dentoalveolares agudos (68,9%), tratamento de pericoronarite (50%), profilaxia antibiótica diante extração de terceiros molares (47,8%), dentre outras. Conclusões: os participantes demonstraram deficiência em conhecimentos sobre os mecanismos de resistência bacteriana e uso racional de antimicrobianos, prescrevendo-os em diversas situações desnecessárias, sugerindo o abuso no uso dos mesmos.

Introduction: dentists often employ antimicrobial agents in their clinical practice in order to control infections of the oral cavity. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials has triggered resistance bacterial. Objective: to determine the profile of surgeon dentists of Teresina in relation to perception and knowledge about bacterial resistance to antimicrobials and the rational use of these medicines in their clinical practice. Material and methods: questionnaires (semistructured) applied to professionals working in the city of Teresina. Professionals to participate were selected randomly through a list provided by the Regional Council of Dentistry of Piauí. Data was obtained out of 90 questionnaires fully answered, which constituted the final sample. Results: the majority of the respondents (78.9%) never sought to carry out refresher course in microbiology and/or pharmacology, and report that wish to update their knowledge through mainly scientific articles (51.1%) and congress (37,7%). As to the perception of the processes that can trigger in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials, with 74.2% of the participants consider that their clinical practice may result in processes adverse and 94.4% consider that the job of dosage correct is the primary means of preventing such processes. As to the situations that the more it is prescribed antimicrobials, dentists cited the inflammatory processes with systemic involvement (77.7%), invasive procedures in patients with heart valve (74.4%), abscesses dentoalveolares acute (68.9%), the treatment of pericoronarite (50%), antibiotic prophylaxis before extraction of third molars (47,8%), among others. Conclusions: participants showed deficiency in knowledge about the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and rational use of antimicrobial agents, prescribing in some unnecessary situations, suggesting the abuse in the use of the same.